In 2013, Turkey’s gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) was TRY 14.8 billion ($7.8 billion), an increase of 13.4%. GERD as a percentage of GDP was 0.95%. Business enterprises, higher education and the public sector accounted for 48%, 42% and 10% of spending, respectively. Business, the government, higher education, other national sources and foreign funds financed 49%, 27%, 20%, 3% and 1% of R&D expenditures, respectively. By region, expenditure was highest in West Anatolia, East Marmara and Istanbul, at 28%, 21% and 20%, respectively. The number of full-time equivalent (FTE) R&D personnel rose 7.5% to 113,000, with 52%, 38% and 11% in business enterprise, higher education and government, respectively. By region, the number of FTE R&D personnel was highest in Istanbul, West Anatolia and East Marmara, at 23%, 22% and 16%, respectively.

Source: Turkish Statistical Institute