Over the past few decades, MS has developed into a vibrant and diverse market. The instruments’ ability to rapidly and accurately detect and identify molecules in a sample has made their underlying technology a gold standard in applications from proteomics to environmental testing. The technology requires a number of subsystems to work in concert: a […]

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is used for small-molecule analysis and the separation of chiral compounds, enantiomers and other low-molecular-weight compounds. SFC differs from traditional LC in that its mobile phase is carbon dioxide, which necessitates a completely pressurized flow path. This pressure must be maintained with automated back-pressure regulators, and the units can be bulky […]

ICP–OES or ICP is a common atomic- spectroscopy technique for environmental analysis of water and other samples. To get the atoms in a sample to emit their characteristic frequencies of light, the sample is ionized by plasma generated by the instrument via electromagnetic induction. The plasma torch consists of a radio frequency (RF) coil wrapped […]

The market for high-end GC/MS technologies has been experiencing rapid growth over the past several years, led by robust demand from environmental and food-testing applications. Users are migrating from single-quadrupole MS to triple-quadrupole MS technology for quantitative analysis of known compounds. While Q-TOFs MS systems are more widely recognized for their use with LC, their […]

Solid-supported liquid extraction (SLE) is an efficient sample preparation method that eliminates the need for conditioning, equilibration and washing. Compared to other sample preparation techniques, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), SLE has lower solvent requirements, a greater degree of reproducibility and can be fully automated. Analogous to LLE, SLE uses the same aqueous sample-solvent system […]

Bioreactors are vessels for cell culturing and have been widely used for much of the past century. Systems employ glass vessels for smaller applications (up to 20 L) and stainless steel tanks for larger reactions, and were cleaned or autoclaved and reused. In the past decade, the technology underwent a technological change with the introduction […]

Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM or NSOM) is a form of scanning-probe microscopy (SPM) that provides light-based imaging of surfaces at better resolution than traditional light microscopy. With light microscopy, diffraction limits resolution to roughly 250 nm. SNOM instruments can have resolutions an order of magnitude greater, down to about 10 nm. In SPM, piezoelectric […]

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a planar chromatography technique that in general separates a sample by normal-phase partitioning using a glass, plastic or metal surface commonly coated with silica particles as the stationary phase. Resolution can be adjusted through the thickness of layers and particle sizes, with finer particles providing an upgrade in resolution but a […]

Like all forms of calorimetry, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measures the flow of heat. ITC is commonly used in life science applications focusing on the binding or affinity of two different interacting molecules. This is important in developing new medical therapies because the interactions of potential drug compounds with target proteins or other biomolecules related […]