Spain
In 2016, R&D expenditures in Spain grew 0.7% to reach €13.3 million ($16.0 million), or 1.19% of the country’s GDP, down from 2015 when it comprised 1.22% of GDP.
The business sector led R&D expenditures with €7.1 billion ($8.4 billion), comprising 54% of expenditures. Of this total, 82% was funded by the private sector, 9% by the public administration sector and 9% by foreign sources. Higher education had R&D expenditures of €3.6 billion ($4.2 billion), with the private and public administration sectors investing 5% and 72%, respectively. Sixteen percent of higher education R&D expenditures was self-funded, and 6% came from foreign sources.
By region, the Community of Madrid, Cataluña and Andalucía had the highest R&D expenditures at €3.5 billion ($4.1 billion), €3.1 billion ($3.6 billion) and €1.4 billion ($1.6 billion), respectively.
R&D services represented 22% of R&D expenditures in 2016, while pharmaceuticals comprised 9%. Professional, scientific and technical activities (excluding R&D services) made up 7% of R&D expenditures, while motor vehicles represented 6.2%.
