Hygiene testing is an important and regulated part of the hygiene regimen in food and pharmaceutical processing facilities. A typical application is to determine whether a cleaned surface meets the relevant standard for cleanliness with respect to organic material. Several closely related methods are used for hygiene testing. The most common is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) […]

Edman degradation is a process for protein sequencing first discovered by the Swedish biochemist Pehr Victor Edman in 1950. The technique is characterized by cycles. In a full cycle, the N-terminus of a given peptide is labeled with the reagent phenylisothiocyanate, forming a cyclic compound. Under acidic conditions, the labeled amino acid is cleaved from […]

An overlooked segment of the MS market is time-of-flight (TOF) LC/MS, which will exceed $80 million in sales in 2009, excluding the much larger Q-TOF MS market. Although LC-TOF MS does not posses many of the capabilities of more expensive MS techniques, it fills an important price-to-performance segment of the market, and has the potential […]

Viscosity is a general property of fluids that measures how “thick” the fluid is. More precisely, viscosity measures a fluid’s response to physical stresses. The more a fluid resists being deformed by the stress, the greater its viscosity. The most basic mathematical definition for viscosity originated from Issac Newton, who postulated that the relationship between […]

One of the more exciting developments in technology for life science research has been the adoption of medical imaging technologies for use with research animals. The ability to image animals in vivo not only reduces the need to sacrifice animals, but also enhances the information obtained from animal studies by allowing a researcher to follow […]

Properly mixing solutions ensures uniformity of mixture components, temperature and pH throughout a sample container. Mixing also helps to dissolve solids in liquids and speeds up enzymatic reactions. As important as mixing might be in any assay, it is a step that is often overlooked or shortened by laboratories in the interest of time. While […]

The combination of infrared (IR) spectroscopy with optical microscopy is not a particularly novel concept. However, technological advances have significantly advanced this subset of IR spectroscopy into a more widely applicable analytical technique. The pairing of IR spectrometers with optical microscopes is a technique that has been used for the better part of two decades […]

For most people, the word electrochemistry may conjure up the image of the humble pH meter, but this field of laboratory analysis is actually very multi-faceted, with numerous distinct techniques. Fundamentally, these techniques all measure aspects of chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons in solution. This transfer of electrons can be measured as […]